Understanding Different Types of Colleges

Colleges and universities in the United State can be divided into two categories: four-year colleges and two-year colleges. Within those categories, there are a variety of subdivisions and distinctions between schools. The following article explains the differences between types of colleges to help you make the best decision when considering your higher education options.   Key Takeaways Colleges and universities can be divided into two-year institutions and four-year institutions.Four-year institutions include public and private colleges and universities as well as liberal arts colleges.Two-year institutions include community colleges, trade schools, and for-profit universities.Other institutional distinctions include Historically Black Colleges and Universities, women’s colleges, and Tribal Colleges and Universities.   Four-Year Colleges A four-year college is an institution of higher learning that provides programs of study that take approximately four academic years to complete. Students that complete these programs earn bachelor’s degrees. Four-year colleges are the most common institutions of higher education in the United States. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), undergraduate enrollment in four-year colleges is 65 percent, nearly 11 million students. These institutions often include strong student communities, complete with sports teams and extracurricular activities, students clubs and organizations, student body leadership, on-campus housing opportunities, Greek life, and more.  Harvard University, University of Michigan, Carroll College, and Bates College are all examples of four-year institutions, though they are all different types of colleges.   Public vs. Private Public colleges and universities are owned and operated by the state board of education within the state where the college is located. Funding for public institutions comes from state and federal taxes, as well as student tuition and fees, and private donors. Boise State University and the University of California are examples of public universities. Private institutions are owned and operated by individuals or organizations and do not receive federal or state funding. Private institutions often receive funding from alumni and corporate and individual donations. Though private institutions are not operated by the state in which they are located, they must still meet state and federal criteria in order to be accredited academic institutions. Yale University and Notre Dame University are examples of private universities. College vs. University   Traditionally, a college was a small, often private institution that only offered undergraduate programs, while universities were larger institutions that offered undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees. Since these two terms have been commonly used to describe four-year institutions—and many small colleges began offering graduate and doctoral degree programs—the terms college and university are now completely interchangeable.  Ã‚   Liberal Arts Colleges Liberal arts colleges are four-year institutions that focus on the liberal arts: humanities, social and physical sciences, and mathematics. Liberal arts colleges are often small, private institutions with higher tuition rates and lower student-to-teacher ratios. Students at liberal arts colleges are encouraged to engage in interdisciplinary academia. Swarthmore College and Middlebury College are examples of liberal arts colleges.   Two-Year Colleges Two-year colleges provide lower-level higher education, commonly known as continuing education. Students that complete programs at two-year institutions can receive certifications or associates degrees. Hudson County Community College, Fox Valley Technical College, and the University of Phoenix are different examples of two-year institutions. Approximately 35 percent of undergraduates are enrolled in two-year institutions, according to the NCES. Many students choose to enroll in two-year institutions to obtain associate’s (or two-year) degrees before attending a bigger, often more expensive four-year institution to obtain a bachelor’s degree.  This cuts down on the cost of general education requirements, making college more achievable for many students. Other undergraduates enroll in two-year programs because they provide job-specific training and a direct pathway to a career.  Ã‚   Community Colleges Sometimes called junior college, community colleges offer higher education opportunities within communities. These courses are often geared toward working professionals, with classes offered outside of regular working hours. Students often use community colleges to gain job-specific certifications or as affordable stepping stones for completing bachelor’s degrees. Western Wyoming Community College and Odessa College are examples of community or junior colleges.   Trade Schools Also called vocational schools or technical colleges, trade schools provide technical skills for specific careers. Students that complete trade school programs can move directly into the workforce with ease. Students at trade schools often become dental hygienists, electricians, plumbers, computer technicians, and more. North Central Kansas Technical College and the State Technical College of Missouri are both examples of trade schools. For-Profit Schools For-profit colleges are educational institutions that are privately owned and operated. They run like a business, selling education as the product. For-profit schools can provide bachelor’s and master’s degrees, as well as technical education, though these programs are often offered online or via distance learning. According to the NCES, enrollment in for-profit institutions has increased by 109 percent since 2000, though that number has been declining since the financial crisis in 2007.   Other Types of Colleges Schools either fall into the two or four-year college categories, but there are a variety of other distinctions between colleges that make the campuses stand out. Historically Black Colleges and Universities Historically Black College and Universities, or HBCUs, are educational institutions founded before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the goal of providing higher education to African-American students. There are 101 HBCUs in the United States, both private and public. HBCUs admit students of all ethnicities. Howard University and Morehouse College are examples of HBCUs. Women’s Colleges Women’s colleges are education institutions founded to provide single-sex education for women; these institutions only admit female students. Traditionally, women’s colleges prepared women for assigned societal roles, such as teaching, but they evolved into degree-granting academic institutions after World War II. There are 38 women’s colleges in the United States. Bryn Mawr College and Wesleyan College are examples of women’s colleges. Tribal Colleges and Universities Tribal Colleges and Universities are accredited educational institutions that provide undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees as well as vocational training to both Native and non-Native students with curricula designed to pass on tribal history and culture. These institutions are operated by Native American tribes and are located on or near reservations. There are 32 accredited Tribal Colleges and Universities operating in the United States.  Oglala Lakota College and Sitting Bull College are examples of tribal colleges. Sources   Fain, Paul. â€Å"Enrollment Slide Continues, at Slower Rate .†Ã‚  Inside Higher Ed  , 20 Dec. 2017.â€Å"More Than 76 Million Students Enrolled in U.S. Schools.†Ã‚  Census.gov, U.S. Census Bureau, 11 Dec. 2018.â€Å"Undergraduate Enrollment .†Ã‚  The Condition of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, May 2019.

Film Review Shrek - 1061 Words

Shrek, a Movie for both Kids and Adults Cartoons are generally intended for children. There are adult cartoons but most of the animated movies are directed at kids because they make it easy to produce fantasies and make heroes children can associate themselves with. Latest developments in graphics and cinematic technology, however, can turn cartoons into real-like images. A good example of a film that displays this technology is Disneys Shrek (2001). Shrek is a cartoon but its makers used latest computer-generated graphics technology to almost blur the boundary between a movie and a cartoon. So, Shrek is both a cartoon and a movie. Likewise, the filmmakers also blurred the boundary between Shreks intended audiences. It is neither exclusively for kids nor exclusively for adults. Shrek is produced for both children and adults. In making Shrek, the filmmakers clearly had children in mind. It retains all the characteristics of Disney animated movies. Character-wise, we see the Three Litt le Pigs, Three Bears, and the Three Blind Mice, not to mention the Big Bad Wolf, Pinocchio, and Pete Pen. And when Lord Farquaad wants to find a bride, the Magic Mirror offers him three choices: Cinderella, Snow White, and Princess Fiona. Princess Fiona is the only new character out of the three. All other characters appear in the film so that its viewers, i.e. children, can associate them with their favorite cartoon characters. The story itself also reminds some of the older DisneyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Film Review of Shrek740 Words   |  3 PagesFilm Review of Shrek This film was based on William Steigs book about a giant green ogre. This cheeky computer animated fairy tale is aimed at children as much as their parents. From the start it shows that it is a sort of fairytale with a lot of twists and it is mocking the fairytale genre continuously. 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What is the impact of attractive packaging on impulse purchase decision Free Essays

string(105) " is marketing a product whose contents require a container must factor in the role that packaging plays\." Introduction The most fascinating concept of marketing is to discover the understanding of the reasoning of buyers: what they do and what they don’t do! But such knowledge is imperative in designing the marketing program to enhance sale and market share. With up to date information about buyer’s buying behaviour along with her needs and wants, marketer can recreate product or services just to draw her attention. And once they get the buyer’s attention, they can influence buyer’s purchase decision positively and end up by satisfying with their product or services. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the impact of attractive packaging on impulse purchase decision? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore the whole concept starts with the search of information about the factors influencing buying decision. Marketers have always pursued to design their marketing effort they believe will entice buyers. ‘Impulse purchase decision’ can be termed as unplanned buying and is a crucial aspect of buying behaviour, especially when talking about FMCG sector. Marketer put a whole lot of effort to grasp the buyer’s attention and win them resulting in a sale whereas the buyer never intended to buy that particular product or service. In this research I will try to find the connection between attractive packaging of a product in influencing impulse purchase. Purpose: The basic purpose of this research is to provide information to assist in research to gain knowledge and to understand the problems. Taking this point into consideration, this investigation will be an exploratory research, with the aim to test relationship between ‘attractive’ packaging and influencing buyers on impulse purchase in a retail convenience store. The research intends to examine if attractive packaging can attract buyer’s attention compared to ‘not so attractive’ packs. The research not only targets the issue but can lead to understand and add-on to the best practice available in the retail industry. I hope that this research may have a significant value in assisting managers in retail business to identify profitably stocking of right kind of products goods. Moreover, my research findings may strengthen the understanding of retail managers on how to organize and display the products effectively and increase the flow of traffic and consequ ently achieve success in sales, services and marketing sectors. Key factors to be considered and explored in this research mainly relate to components like: packaging, consumer behaviour, layout and shelving, impulse purchasing and customer satisfaction. Research questions: The impulse buying behaviour of consumer has led many marketers to come up with new and innovative techniques to allure to their product. This research focuses on one of the major issue out of many in encouraging and stimulating impulse purchase: attractive packaging of the product. Therefore, the research question is formulated as follows: What is the relationship between Attractive Packaging and In-store Impulse Purchase Behaviour? Aim and Objectives of Dissertation: The main aim of this research is to examine the relationship between consumer buying behaviour during the presence of ‘attractive’ packaging in an impulse purchasing situation. The study will be limited to FMCG in retail stores. The specific objectives of this study are: To rationalize whether ‘attractive’ packs prompts impulse purchase. To determine whether the stocking ‘attractive’ packs increases demand for the brand. To investigate whether stocking ‘attractive’ packs results in increase of aesthetic beauty of the store. To explore selling ‘attractive’ packs results in increase in the volume of sales. Scope: This research topic will heavily focus on identifying the different aspects of packaging and factors associated in impulse buying decision and exploring how marketers capitalises on those aspects in formulating the marketing campaign to grab its market share. Just to keep everything relatively simple, I will be focusing only on FMCGs in retail stores. Conceptual Underpinnings and Literature Review: Why do people shopHow do situational factors prompts the decision to purchase certain itemsThe act of purchase is affected by many factors: mood, time pressures, or even a person’s disposition towards shopping. Time can be seen, as an important factor because it often determines how much effort and search a consumer will put into making a purchasing decision. A person’s mood can be affected by the degree of pleasure or arousal that is present in the store’s atmosphere. Most people tend to base a purchase decision towards a specific occasion; or even the way an individual may feel at a specific point in time can also play a big role in what we feel like purchasing. These factors may cause one to decide more carefully on a purchase. Marketers like to use segmentation strategies when advertising to let buyers know their product will meet a specific need one may be looking towards. Overall, many consumers’ purchase decisions are greatly affected by groups or s ocial settings. In an attempt to understand how ‘attractive’ packs influences affect impulse purchasing behaviours, researchers looked at several different approaches to study consumer behaviour. In order to grab buyer’s attention, marketers are continuously coming up with new products. Every now and then they are adding new features to their existing product. In the battle of ‘value’ addition and given the competitive nature of market, marketing professionals are leaving no stones unturned to be ahead in the race. They explore every avenue of the market in discovering new ideas in positioning their products in consumers’ mind. Marketers take every opportunity to communicate with their potential target audience. There are whole lot of tools in use in marketing communication. Only the integrated approach to this communication can bring success. A very good quality product or service alone is not enough to be successful in the market. Potential buyers has to be informed about its positive features and attributes, otherwise it will keep on lying on the shelves and eventually phase out. Therefore, it is imperative that target audience are to be well informed about the existing products and services. Marketing professionals are taught how ‘4Ps’ are critical whether they are launching, maintaining or restaging a product. What about the role of the package in marketing mixAnyone who is marketing a product whose contents require a container must factor in the role that packaging plays. You read "What is the impact of attractive packaging on impulse purchase decision?" in category "Essay examples" One could argue that packaging is one of the most critical factors contributing to a brand’s success, so much that it should become the ‘fifth P’. After all, the life cycle of the package is longer than that of some of the other Ps. A typical package life cycle consists of development, filling, shipping, storage, shelf placement, shopping cart, home transportation, storage, usage and finally some kind of discarding (hopefully recycling). Any one thing with such extensive life cycle should be given the highest of priorities (Stahlberg and Maila). Buyers are overwhelmed with too many choices at their hand in a retail shop. This may create confusion and frustration; this surplus availability may lead many buyers to subdue themselves to familiar products. There is a lot to talk about influencing buyer’s decision at a shopping environment. Among them, packaging plays a vital role and has a major inspirational effect in impulse purchase decision. Attractive packaging design can lure a potential buyer to the first moment of truth – the purchase decision. Packaging is one such tool where the marketers can convey their message straight to its potential customers. For many brands the packaging leads the way to a successful integral branding communication effort and establishing the brand image. Many academicians have agreed to the fact that for many products, sole form of advertising is via packaging. Therefore, marketers should allocate considerable resources in their marketing campaign which can make first and biggest impression for the product – the packaging (Stahlberg and Maila). Hesse, Loesch, and Spies studied the effects of store characteristics on consumers’ mood, their satisfaction, and purchasing behaviour. This study indicates the atmosphere of the store directly affected the mood of the consumer, which became a big factor in their purchasing behaviour. The results suggested customers in a pleasant store atmosphere are likely to spend more money on the products they liked. This effect was only due to the customer’s mood during the time of purchase. A study conducted by Susan Powell Mantel focused on analyzing the roles of â€Å"attribute-based processing† and â€Å"attitude-based processing† when analyzing consumer preference. According to the study, product attributes (qualities such as price, size, nutritional value, durability, etc.) are often compared disproportionately, i.e., one is the more focal subject of comparison, thus eliciting more consideration when the consumer decides which brand is the â€Å"best.† The order of brand presentation in these cases is particularly important. As we know, factors affecting how customers make decisions are extremely complex. Buyer behaviour is deeply rooted in psychology with dashes of sociology thrown in just to make things more interesting. Since every person in the world is different, it is impossible to have simple rules that explain how buying decisions are made. To understand consumer behaviour, marketers examine purchase decision processes, especially any particular triggers that compel consumers to buy a certain product. The continuous pressure from environmental activist, drastic changes in government legislations and popularity of self-check-out machines – all are putting extra pressure to marketers to come up with extra-ordinary packaging design so that the buyers are enticed towards it. Today, packaging is acting as a ‘silent sales person’ helping buyers in highlighting their product’s USPs (unique selling propositions / unique benefits). Good packaging can also be a competitive advantage for the company, strengthening the brand image (Smith and Taylor). The three basic function of packaging The three basic function of packaging is to protect (and contain), offer convenience, and communicate (Smith and Taylor). There is nothing as ultimate package design to the marketers. With the continuous development in the technology, there will be always a new and convenient packaging in the offer. There is hardly any successful product which did not alter itself into new packaging with time. Nowadays cheaper and suitable packaging is available which is more appealing to consumers than ever before. Successful cost effective packaging can itself be a competitive advantage over its rivals. There are several evidences to prove that powerful role packaging can play in building and reinforcing brand image of a company. In short, packaging can be termed as brand awareness and brand attitude – a key communication tool (Larry Percy). Impact of packaging on impulsive buying Packaging is a crucial component of any marketing strategy for goods. In recent times, the importance of good packaging as means of branding and marketing has seen a rapid growth, especially when to comes to fast moving consumer goods. Visual elements such as the colour, the quality and the overall attractiveness play a major role in influencing the customer. The visual elements connote the product for many customers in situations where they have low information or when they are hard pressed for time. In such cases, the consumer totally relies on the recall value of the packaging and makes the decision in an impulsive manner. The big challenge that a marketer in today’s word faces is to translate the attraction from the packaging to a purchasing decision. According to the research conducted in Spain by Ampeuero and Vila (2006), the aspects mentioned below influence the way in with a consumer perceives a product. Colour: It has been noted that the products that are a little high end or elite appeal to the consumer more when they are packaged in a cold and dark colour packaging. On the other hand, the products that are generally easily accessible to the consumers and that are targeted at the consumers who are price sensitive come in light coloured packaging. Consumer also start associating specific brands with the colour and this again influences their decision to make the purchase. Packaging typography: The typography on the product also influences the customer. For the products that signify elegance and style, the font is usually bold, large and in uppercase. The numbers used belong to Roman numerology and the characters are wide and expanded. On the other hand, the products that come reasonably priced have small fonts and come with serif and sans serif fonts. Graphic forms: Consumers generally associate the high price product with vertical lines, straight lines, clear outlines and symmetry based on one single element. On the other hand, the products that are more accessible often use horizontal lines, hazy and unclear outlines, circles and curves and asymmetrical elements. Illustrations: With regards to the illustration, the products that are costlier and appeal more to the upper class come with pictures showing the product. However, the products that appeal more to the middle class and are relatively less expensive, usually come in packaging that are more associated where the illustrations are in the form of people. The influence of the attractive packaging of a product has on the impulsive purchasing behaviour of the consumer has been discussed in detail in an earlier section. Along with an attractive packaging, it is also necessary to mention the price of the product on the packaging. The packaging can attract a consumer to the product but the final decision to purchase the product rests on the price of the product in many cases. According to Underwood (2003), the unmarked packages, (packages that are not marked with price), the type of colour used, the shape of the packaging, the graphics used help the customers determine if the product is of low quality and these products come at a lower price. If the packaging is attractive and the product is marked with the price, then there is a perception among the consumers that the product is of a higher quality. Research Design (including methods) or Critical Approach: The question under discussion is related to consumer’s buying behaviour towards the attractive packaging. The research design would be based on survey to collect the primary data. The secondary data would be collected from the books, journals and online resources. Survey based on questions and having their response, will give me first-hand experience of their buying behaviour. The first stage of this research would be to devise a sample questionnaire, which will hold little demographic information and particularly their views on the research question being analysed. Then a pilot study would be conducted to alter the questionnaire if it is not covering the purpose. This research will conduct 150 questionnaires and at least 120, if not more, feedback will be selected as the sample in this study. The researcher would be applying non-probability sampling method because of the time and budget constraint and as this method consumes less time and efforts than other methods. The questionnaire will be distributed and surveyed inside five newsagent retail shops around East London and the survey will be conducted during four weeks in order to capture various types of respondents. After the data collection and its editing and coding, statistical tools would be used to test the hypotheses and to assess the characteristics of the data. As the study is to see the relationship, ‘Correlation Analyses’ will be used to demonstrate the strength and the direction of the relationship. After the analyses the researcher will than provide data analyses in descriptive statistics in the form of frequency tables, with the data also verified for normality. Also, with inferential statistic where the hypotheses based on dependent and independent variables were tested Outline of Chapters for the Dissertation Chapter 1- Introduction: This chapter will provide a brief background and rationale for the conduction of this research. It also contains the research aims and objectives. Chapter 2- Literature Review: this chapter will contain a critical review of the available literature on the subject of impulsive purchase behaviour and packaging and will also discuss the various theories and empirical work already undertaken in the field. Chapter 3- Research Methodology: This chapter will contain the discussion on the research philosophy and approach and details the research design. The chapter highlights the utility and appropriateness of using the selected sampling and data collection and analysis methods and approaches. Chapter 4- Findings and Analysis: This chapter will contain the presentation and discussion of the findings from the primary research and explicitly gives the results of the surveyed questions. Chapter 5- Conclusions: This chapter contains the results of the surveyed questions and will discuss the implications of the research results for the marketers. It will also include a discussion on future research scope. Finally, this chapter will conclude with the reflective remarks of the dissertation the researcher experienced, critically analyzing and evaluating the whole learning process. Ethical Issues: The research is purely based on literature review and questionnaire, where the confidentiality is kept at high importance. The sample questionnaire will not include any personal information like name, telephone or address. It will hold little demographic information and most particularly of their buying habit. The data collected will be stored in a safe place till the end of the analysis and will be destroyed after the evaluation and final assessment. It requires no ethical clearance from any external body. Bibliography: Beatty, S. E. and Ferrell, M. E. (1998) Impulse buying: modelling its precursors. Journal of Retailing. Vol. 74 No. 2, pp. 169-191. Cobb, C. J. and Hoyer, W. D. (1986) Planned Versus Impulse Purchase Behaviour. Journal of Retailing .Vol. 62 No.4, pp. 384-409. Retrieved, May 16, 2007, from http://web.ebscohost.com Hesse, F., Loesch, K., Spies, Kordelia. (1997) Store atmosphere, mood and purchasing behaviour. International Journal of Research in Marketing. Vol. 14, 1-17. Kollat, D. T, and Willett, Ronald. P. (1967), Customer Impulse Purchasing Behavior. Journal of Marketing Research. Vol. 4, pp. 21-31. Kotler, Philip and Armstrong, Gary (2008) Principles of Marketing Publisher: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Edition: 12th Kotler, Philip., Cunninghum, Margaret H. and Turner, Roland E. (2001) Marketing Management Publisher: Pearson Education Canada. Edition 9th Lee, A., Monroe, Kent. (1999). Remembering versus knowing: Issues in buyers’ processing of price information. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. Vol. 27, 207-225 Mantel, Susan Powell, and Frank R. Kardes. The Role of Direction of Comparison, Attribute-Based Processing, and Attitude-Based Processing in Consumer Preference. Journal of Consumer Research. March 1999. Rook, D. W. (1987) The buying Impulse. Journal of Consumer Research. Vol. 14 (2), pp. 189-199. Smith, Pual Russell and Taylor, Jonathan (2008) Marketing Communnications: An Integrated Approach Stahlberg, Markus and Maila, Ville, (2009) Shopper Marketing: How to Increase Purchase Decision at the Point of Sale, Publisher: Kogan Page Ltd. Stern, H. (1962) The Significance of Impulse Buying Today. Journal of Marketing. Vol. 26 pp. 59-62. How to cite What is the impact of attractive packaging on impulse purchase decision?, Essay examples